Thursday, February 19, 2015

Introduction to Lambda Expression with Examples


Java 8 comes up with one great features called Lambda Expressions. It's first step to the functional programming. With Lambda expression we can treat functionality as method arguments i.e. you can pass a method as argument to another method.
Previously we use to write anonymous class if we wanted to pass some method as argument to another method but with lambda expression, we can pass a plain method as argument. Lambda expressions is a anonymous function i.e. It has arguments, a body and return type.

Syntax of Lambda Expression :
(Argument(s)) → {Body}
Eg :
(int x, int y, int z) - > {return x+y+z};
(String msg) - > {System.out.println(msg);}
() - > { return 100;}

Structure of Lambda Expression :

  • It can have zero, one or more number of parameters.
  • For empty set of parameters, Empty parentheses are used. e.g () -> 100
  • Type of the passed parameter can be explicitly declared or can be taken from context. e.g. (int x) is same as (x).
  • One important difference between anonymous inner class and lambda expression is, if we use ‘this’ it resolves to anonymous class but in the case of lambda expression, it resolves to the enclosing class where lambda is written.
Functional Interfaces :
A functional interface is an interface having one abstract method declared in it. It is similar to Marker interface just Marker interface has no methods or field declaration in it. java.lang.Runnable is one example of functional interface as It has only one method void run().

@FunctionalInterface :
It’s a new annotation which  indicate that an interface type declaration is intended to be a functional interface as defined by the Java Language Specification. As functional Interfaces  can have only one abstract method, If you declare more than one then it will throws compile time error.

Eg :  
Valid Functional interaface

@FunctionalInterface
public interface IFunctional1 {
public void display();
}
Invalid Functional interaface

@FunctionalInterface
public interface IFunctional {
public void display();
public void printResult();
}

It will throw compile time error as @functionalInterface contains two abstract methods.

Examples of Lambda Expression :

package in.techblog.waheed.lambda;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;

/**
* This class demostrate few examples of lambda expression
*
* @author abdul
*
*/
public class LambdaExample {

/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {

// ****************Example1********************************//

// Old way of calling..
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("Old way of calling..Anonymous.");
}
}).start();

// New way of calling....
new Thread(
() -> System.out
.println("New way of calling..Lambda Expression"))
.start();

// ****************************Example2******************//

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107);

list.forEach(n -> System.out.print(" " + n));

System.out.println("\n");
// Double colon operator, Will cover in next tutorial..
list.forEach(System.out::print);

// *****************************Example3*****************//

// Print Even number
System.out.println("\n\nEven numbers:");
evaluate(list, (n) -> n % 2 == 0);
}

/**
* Evaluate the list on the basis of Predicate function. Check
* https://docs.oracle
* .com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/Predicate.html
*
* @param list
*            list of integer array that need to be evaluated
* @param predicate
*            boolean-valued function
*/
public static void evaluate(List<Integer> list, Predicate<Integer> predicate) {
for (Integer l : list) {
if (predicate.test(l)) {
System.out.println(l + " ");
}
}
}
}

Please feel free to comment, Suggestion/Feedback are most welcome :)

References:

Thursday, February 12, 2015

How to download and save image from URL

The 'javax.imageio.ImageIO' is a handy class which provides lots of utility methods related to images processing in Java. Using this class we can read and write images into disk.

In below example, We will see how to use 'javax.imageio.ImageIO' to read an image from URL and save it into different formats.

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;

/**
* This class will download the image from the specified URL and download it in
* different format.
*
* @author abdulwaheed18@gmail.com
*
*/
public class ImageDownloader {

/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {

String imageUrl = "http://img.gettyimageslatam.com/public/userfiles/redesign/images/landing/home/img_entry_002.jpg";

try {
System.out.println("Downloading Image...");
URL url = new URL(imageUrl);
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(url);

// Save it in PNG format.
ImageIO.write(image, "png", new File("image.png"));

// Save it in JPEG format
ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", new File("image.jpg"));

// Save it in BMP format
ImageIO.write(image, "bmp", new File("image.bmp"));

// Save it in GIF format
ImageIO.write(image, "gif", new File("image.gif"));
System.out.println("Downloaded all the images");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while downloading Image "
+ e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}

}
}

References :


Sunday, February 8, 2015

What is Semaphore with example ?

What is Semaphore?

Semaphore is used to control access to common resource for completing multiple resources. It guards a critical section against entry by more than N threads at a time. The java.util.concurrent.Semaphore  class was first introduced by Java in V 1.5.

It has two main methods():
·         acquire()
·         release()

Semaphore is initialized with a given number of "permits” i.e. counter which keeps track of the number of resources available. When a request comes to resources, Semaphore checks the counter and if it is less than total count then it grant access to resources and subsequently reduces the counter. Similarly while releasing a resources, it increments the count.

Thus, at most N threads can access the acquire method without any release() calls where N is number of permits the semaphore was initialized with.

If the permits is in ON|OFF mode i.e. just one count then it is called binary semaphore.

Example:

Suppose there are 5 threads who wants to access particular resources which is guard by Semaphore having permits is 2, i.e. three threads has to wait for a semaphore to be released.

package in.waheed.semaphore.example;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

/**          
 * @author abdul waheed
 *
 */
public class SemaphoreExample {

            /**
             *
             * @param args
             */
            public static void main(String args[]) {

                        // Semaphore having counter as 2
                        Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(2);

                        // Creating 5 threads
                        SemaphoreTest test1 = new SemaphoreTest(semaphore);
                        SemaphoreTest test2 = new SemaphoreTest(semaphore);
                        SemaphoreTest test3 = new SemaphoreTest(semaphore);
                        SemaphoreTest test4 = new SemaphoreTest(semaphore);
                        SemaphoreTest test5 = new SemaphoreTest(semaphore);

                        // Starting all the threds
                        test1.start();
                        test2.start();
                        test3.start();
                        test4.start();
                        test5.start();
            }
}

class SemaphoreTest extends Thread {
            Semaphore semaphore;
            SemaphoreTest(Semaphore semaphore) {
                        this.semaphore = semaphore;
            }

            public void run() {
                        try {
                                    semaphore.acquire();
                                    System.out.println("Acquired : " + this.getName());
                        /*         System.out.println("Available permits : "
                                                            + semaphore.availablePermits());*/
                                    try {
                                                sleep(5000);
                                    } catch (Exception e) {
                                    }
                        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
                        } finally {
                                    semaphore.release();
                                    System.out.println("Released : " + this.getName());
                        }
            }
}

Output:

Acquired: Thread-1
Acquired: Thread-0
Released: Thread-1
Acquired: Thread-4
Acquired: Thread-2
Released: Thread-0
Acquired: Thread-3
Released: Thread-4
Released: Thread-2
Released: Thread-3

Tuesday, December 9, 2014

How to extract a JSON value from a BASH script



Requirement : I was working on shell script where I need to get Id value from JSON and I tried so many thing but unable to get it without using any other tools. So, After trying so many failure attempt, I end up with this site (A big thanks to you) which resolved my issue.


Here is how I fetched value from JSON,


JSON = <YOUR_JSON>
PROPERTY_TO_FETCH="<VALUE>" (In my case, it was "id")

ID = `echo $JSON| sed 's/\\\\\//\//g' | sed 's/[{}]//g' | awk -v k="text" '{n=split($0,a,","); for (i=1; i<=n; i++) print a[i]}' | sed 's/\"\:\"/\|/g' | sed 's/[\,]/ /g' | sed 's/\"//g' | grep -w $PROPERTY_TO_FETCH`

echo ${ID ##*|}


Which will print the value of 'id' from JSON.

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

How to execute maven goal on parent module but not on childer

I am working on multi module maven project and If I define any plugin in the parent pom.xml file, It get executed for all the child build as well.

In simple language, I wanted to use one plugin in parent pom.xml file which read properties file from the base directory but whenever I executes it, all the sub pom.xml tries to read the properties file from their base directory and its ends up in maven failed.

To resolve the above issue, We just need to add "inherit' attributes in the plugin.

Example :

<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>properties-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.0-alpha-2</version>
<inherited>false</inherited>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>initialize</phase>
<goals>
<goal>read-project-properties</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<files>
<file>${basedir}/rpm.properties</file>
</files>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>

Now the plugin will get executed from the parent pom.xml file.

Thank you :)

How TOPT Works: Generating OTPs Without Internet Connection

Introduction Have you ever wondered how authentication apps like RSA Authenticator generate One-Time Passwords (OTPs) without requiring an i...